Runes

Here is a listing of historical runes, to be precise the ones that have made it into the Unicode standard. Fantasy-derivatives are not listed. This should allow the reader to decrypt most historical runic inscriptions.

The oldest well-known runic alphabet is the elder futhark, named after its first six characters. The elder futhark was in use roughly from 150 CE to 800 CE and contains 24 runes. It co-existed with the Anglo-Saxon futhorc, which shares many runes with the futhark, but also has extra characters. Around 800 CE the elder futhark was simplified into the younger futhark, a smaller alphabet of only 16 runes that remained in use until about 1100 CE. By then the need for flexibility prompted writers to expand the number of characters again, leading to medieval runes. There were other runic alphabets too, like the Hälsinge, Marcomannic and Dalecarnian runes, but all these are omitted here.

Each rune is represented with:

• Image (only for elder futhark runes) - in case your computer does not have a runic font installed
• Equivalent Latin character(s)
• Elder futhark: symbol and name in Proto-Norse/Germanic
• Futhorc: symbol and name in Anglo-Saxon / Old English
• Younger futhark: symbol (both 'long-branch' and 'short-twig' where applicable) and name in Old Norse
• Other: symbol and letter
• Meaning

Note that you must have a runic font installed to be able to view the runic characters. A good candidate is TITUS Cyberbit Basic.

Image	Latin	Elder futhark	Futhorc	Younger futhark	Other	Meaning
	f	ᚠ (16A0) Fehu	ᚠ (16A0) Feoh	ᚠ (16A0) Fé		wealth, cattle
	v				ᚡ (16A1) V
	u	ᚢ (16A2) Uruz	ᚣ (16A3) Ur / Yr	ᚣ (16A3) Úr		aurochs / water
	y				ᚤ (16A4) Y
	w				ᚥ (16A5) W
	th	ᚦ (16A6) Thurisaz	ᚦ (16A6) Thor	ᚦ (16A6) Thurs		Thor, giant
	th				ᚧ (16A7) Eth
	a	ᚨ (16A8) Ansuz	ᚩ (16A9) Ós / ᚪ (16AA) Ác / ᚫ (16AB) Æsc	ᚬ (16AC) / ᚭ (16AD) Óss		Ansuz
	o				ᚮ (16AE) O
	?				ᚯ (16AF) Oe
	?				ᚰ (16B0) On
	r	ᚱ (16B1) Raido	ᚱ (16B1) Rad	ᚱ (16B1) Reið		ride, yourney
	k	ᚲ (16B2) Kauna(n)	ᚳ (16B3) Cen	ᚴ (16B4) Kaun		torch / ulcer
	g				ᚵ (16B5) G
	?				ᚶ (16B6) Eng
	g	ᚷ (16B7) Gebo	ᚷ (16B7) Gyfu	ᚸ (16B8) Gar		gift
	w	ᚹ (16B9) Wunjo	ᚹ (16B9) Wynn			joy
	h	ᚺ (16BA) Hag(a)laz	ᚻ (16BB) Hægl	ᚼ (16BC) / ᚽ (16BD) Hagall		hail
	n	ᚾ (16BE) Naudiz	ᚾ (16BE) Nyð	ᛀ (16C0) / ᚿ (16BF) Nauðr		need
	i	ᛁ (16C1) Isaz	ᛁ (16C1) Is	ᛁ (16C1) Isa		ice
	e				ᛂ (16C2) E
	j	ᛃ (16C3) Jera(n)	ᛄ (16C4) Ger / ᛡ (16E1) Ior	ᛅ (16C5) / ᛆ (16C6) Ár		year, harvest
	ei	ᛇ (16C7) Eih(w)az	ᛇ (16C7) Eoh			yew
	p	ᛈ (16C8) PerÞo	ᛈ (16C8) Peorð			pear (?)
	z	ᛉ (16C9) Algiz	ᛉ (16C9) Eolh	ᛦ (16E6) / ᛧ (16E7) Yr	ᛨ (16E8) Icelandic Yr	elk (?)
	s	ᛊ (16CA) Sowilo	ᛋ (16CB) Sigel	ᛋ (16CB) / ᛌ (16CC) Sol		sun
	c				ᛍ (16CD) C
	z				ᛎ (16CE) Z
	t	ᛏ (16CF) Tewaz	ᛏ (16CF) Tir	ᛏ (16CF) / ᛐ (16D0) Tyr		Tiwaz
	d				ᛑ (16D1) D
	d	ᛒ (16D2) Berkanan	ᛒ (16D2) Beorc	ᛒ (16D2) / ᛓ (16D3) Bjarken		birch
	p				ᛔ (16D4) dotted P
	p				ᛕ (16D5) open P
	e	ᛖ (16D6) Ehwaz	ᛖ (16D6) E(o)h			horse
	m	ᛗ (16D7) Mannaz	ᛗ (16D7) Mann	ᛘ (16D8) / ᛙ (16D9) Maðr		man
	l	ᛚ (16DA) Laguz / Laukaz	ᛚ (16DA) Lagu	ᛚ (16DA) Lögr		lake / leek
	p				ᛛ (16DB) dotted L
	ng	ᛜ (16DC) Ingwaz	ᛝ (16DD) Ing			Ingwaz
	d	ᛞ (16DE) Dagaz	ᛞ (16DE) Dæg			day
	o	ᛟ (16DF) OÞalan	ᛟ (16DF) Eðel			heritage, estate
	ea		ᛠ (16E0) Ear			grave
	kw		ᛢ (16E2) Cweorth			pear (?)
	k		ᛣ (16E3) Calc			chalice
	kk		ᛤ (16E4) Cealc			chalice
	st		ᛥ (16E5) Stan			stone
	q				ᛩ (16E9) Q
	x				ᛪ (16EA) X
		᛫ (16EB) single punctuation
		᛬ (16EC) multiple punctuation
		᛭ (16ED) cross punctuation
	-				ᛮ (16EE) Arlaug symbol	17th year
	-				ᛯ (16EF) Tvimadaur symbol	18th year
	-				ᛰ (16F0) Belghtor symbol	19th year